SS-31

SS-31, also known as elamipretide, is a peptide studied for its affinity for the inner mitochondrial membrane. Research centers on its interaction with cardiolipin, a phospholipid central to mitochondrial structure and efficiency. It has been investigated in preclinical models and in human clinical trials, including a phase 3 trial in primary mitochondrial myopathy, and a 2026 review reports its first regulatory approval.

Research describes SS-31 as concentrating in the inner mitochondrial membrane and interacting with cardiolipin, a phospholipid that shapes the membrane's structure. Through this interaction, it has been studied for effects on electron-transport efficiency and on the oxidative by-products generated during cellular energy production. These mechanistic descriptions come largely from laboratory and animal research and are summarized in published reviews of its structure and mechanism of action.

Studies have examined SS-31 in several settings. A phase 3 randomized trial, MMPOWER-3, assessed its efficacy and safety in primary mitochondrial myopathy. Reviews discuss targeting mitochondrial dysfunction in heart failure. Mouse research examined mitochondrial dysfunction, synaptic function and memory impairment induced by lipopolysaccharide, and cell studies have explored mitochondria-targeted formulations in cardiomyocyte hypoxia/reoxygenation injury. Findings vary by model and should be interpreted within each study's design.

Safety was formally assessed as an endpoint in the MMPOWER-3 phase 3 trial in individuals with primary mitochondrial myopathy, and regulatory approval implies a safety review for at least one indication. However, specific adverse events are not summarized in the cited study titles, and much of the mechanistic literature comes from animal and cell models. Researchers should consult the full clinical publications for detailed safety findings.

Research protocols have used 1–10 mg per administration by the subcutaneous route, 3 times per week in the morning, in 8-week blocks followed by 4 weeks off. These figures describe protocols reported in research settings and are not recommendations. Each CoreX order ships with a protocol guide for laboratory reference. SS-31 is supplied for laboratory research use only.